[4학년][1학기][Coursera][Introduction to HW and OS][W3]

Introduction to Hardware and Operating System

Coursera - IBM

Link to Course

An Introduction to Operating Systems

Learning Objectives

• Understand the definition and role of an Operating System (OS)
• Classify different types of operating systems
• Describe the historical generations of OS
• Summarize the development of Linux, Windows, macOS, and ChromeOS

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What is an Operating System?

• OS provides standardized code for managing input, output, processing, and storage
• Helps prevent data errors and reduces data loss
• Two main user environments:
  • Command Line Interface (CLI): 사용자가 명령어를 입력하는 방식
  • Graphical User Interface (GUI): 버튼, 메뉴 등을 제공하는 시각적 환경

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Generations of Operating Systems

Generation	Period	특징
1세대	1945–1955	운영체제 없음, 작업마다 기계어 사용
2세대	1955–1965	배치 처리 시스템 등장, IBM/GM 참여
3세대	1965–1980	네트워크 OS, 시간 분할 시스템 도입
4세대	1980–현재	멀티태스킹 OS, 다양한 플랫폼 지원

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Embedded & Real-Time OS

• Embedded OS: 단일 작업에 특화, 빠른 반응속도 (Low latency)
• Real-Time OS: 항공기, 우주탐사, 자동차, 로봇 등에 사용됨

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Notable OS Developments

Linux

• 1991: Linus Torvalds가 개발, 1994년 버전 1.0 출시
• 1996: SMP 지원으로 서버/네트워크 OS로 성장
• 2013: Android가 스마트폰 OS 시장 점유율 75% 기록
• 2018: IBM, Red Hat 인수 ($34 billion)

Windows

• 1981: MS-DOS 출시
• 1985: GUI 기반 Windows 등장
• 1995: Windows 95 출시 → 시장 지배 시작
• 2021: 데스크탑 OS 점유율 약 70%

macOS

• 1999: OS X (Unix 기반) 출시
• 2006: 인텔 CPU 기반 Mac 판매 시작
• 2020: Apple Silicon (M1) 전환
• iOS도 함께 제공 (모바일용)

ChromeOS

• 2011: Google이 리눅스를 기반으로 개발
• 브라우저 중심의 경량 OS
• 노트북 시장에서 약 10% 점유율
• 저장공간 적고 가격 저렴 → 교육용에 적합

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Summary of Key Points

• Operating Systems standardize input, processing, output, and storage management
• 1956: 최초의 batch OS (GM Research, IBM 704)
• Linux는 강력한 서버/네트워크용 OS로 발전
• Windows 95는 Microsoft의 시장 지배력을 확립
• ChromeOS는 리눅스 기반의 경량 브라우저 중심 OS

Getting Started with Microsoft Windows

Learning Objectives

• Identify four Windows login methods
• Understand the Windows desktop interface
• Locate and use the Settings app
• Resize windows and switch between programs
• Use essential Windows keyboard shortcut commands

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Windows Login Methods

Windows 10 provides four user-friendly login options:

• PIN
• Password
• Picture Password (drawing over a pre-selected image)
• Fingerprint (if paired with the device)

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Windows Desktop Overview

Start Menu

• Accessed by clicking the Windows icon
• Left panel includes:
  • Logged-in user info
  • Shortcuts to: Documents, Pictures, Settings, Power options
• Programs are listed alphabetically
• Right-clicking a program allows:
  • Uninstall
  • Pin to Taskbar
  • Run as administrator
  • Open file location

Productivity Pane

• Contains Static tiles and Live tiles
  • Static: shortcuts to commonly used programs
  • Live: real-time info like news, weather, sports
• Right-click to modify or remove tiles

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Taskbar Components

• Start button: Opens the Start Menu
• Search box: Search for files, settings, or web content
• Cortana: Circle icon to activate voice assistant
• Task View: Filmstrip icon to view open windows
• File Explorer and Settings shortcuts
• Right section includes:
  • Weather, news
  • Meet Now (video conferencing)
  • OneDrive, Wi-Fi/network, sound
  • Date/time, Notifications

Customizing Taskbar

• Go to Settings → Personalization → Taskbar
• Configure what appears on the taskbar

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Notifications Panel

• Click the Notifications icon to view alerts
• Select Manage notifications to customize:
  • App and system notifications
  • Lock screen alerts
  • Sound and banner notifications
• Located under Settings → Notifications & actions

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Window Management

• Resize: Hover on window edge to show double-headed arrow → Drag to resize
• Maximize: Click the square icon
• Minimize: Click the underscore
• Close: Click the X (shows red highlight)

Switching Between Programs

• Use Alt + Tab to open carousel view of active windows
• Hold Alt, tap Tab to navigate

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Common Keyboard Shortcuts

Action	Shortcut
Copy	Ctrl + C
Paste	Ctrl + V
Delete	Ctrl + D
Repeat	Ctrl + Y
Undo	Ctrl + Z
Edit File Name	Ctrl + O
Restart Computer	Ctrl + Alt + Delete
Screenshot	PRT SCR or Win + PRT SCR

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Summary

• Windows 10 supports four login methods including PIN and fingerprint
• The Start menu offers quick access to key system functions
• Notifications can be managed through the Manage notifications panel
• Resizing and switching windows is intuitive using the mouse or Alt + Tab
• Keyboard shortcuts improve efficiency and reduce repetitive effort