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[4학년][1학기][Coursera][Introduction to HW and OS][W5]

jaeseokk963 2025. 4. 5. 23:05

Introduction to Hardware and Operating System

Coursera - IBM

Link to Course

Module 3

Identifying Ports and Connectors

Learning Objectives

  • Define what a port and connector are
  • Differentiate between a port and an interface
  • Identify common ports and connectors used in computing

Definitions

  • Port: A hole or slot on a computer that receives a connector to establish a physical link
  • Connector: The plug at the end of a cable or card that fits into a port
  • Interface: A point of communication between two entities, can be hardware or software

Common Interfaces and Ports

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

  • Designed to standardize and simplify device connections
  • Major versions:
    • USB 1.0 (1996): 1.5–12 Mbps
    • USB 2.0 (2001): 480 Mbps
    • USB 3.0/3.1/3.2 (2008–2017): Up to 20 Gbps
    • USB4 (2019): Up to 40 Gbps using Type-C
  • Connector types:
    • Type A: Rectangular (keyboards, mice)
    • Type B: Square with beveled corners (printers, scanners)
    • Mini USB: Small, 9-pin (older mobile devices)
    • Micro USB: Smaller, 5-pin (newer small devices)
    • Type-C: Reversible 24-pin, supports high-speed data and power

Thunderbolt

  • Developed by Intel and Apple
  • Versions 1 & 2 use Mini DisplayPort (MDP) connector
  • Versions 3 & 4 use USB-C connector
  • Combines data, display, and power in one cable
  • Supports daisy chaining up to 6 devices
  • Thunderbolt 4 supports:
    • USB4 protocol
    • Dual 4K displays
    • Alternate hubs (not just daisy chaining)

FireWire (IEEE 1394)

  • Legacy interface used on Macintosh computers
  • Versions:
    • FireWire 400: Slim with one rounded edge
    • FireWire 800: Looks similar to USB but thicker
  • Replaced by USB and Thunderbolt, but still in use in legacy/industrial systems

PS/2 Ports

  • Introduced by IBM for connecting keyboards and mice
  • Round with 6 pins
  • Color-coded and not interchangeable
  • Still used in some industrial and gaming systems

eSATA / eSATAp

  • Used for connecting external storage devices
  • Supports hot swapping
  • eSATAp supports USB and eSATA in one port
  • Three generations, each doubling in data speed

Summary of Key Points

  • Port = physical slot for device connection
  • Connector = plug inserted into the port
  • Interface = communication link (hardware or software)
  • Key interfaces: USB, Thunderbolt, FireWire, PS/2, eSATA
  • Type-C and Thunderbolt are replacing older standards due to higher speed and flexibility

Identifying Graphic Devices

Learning Objectives

  • Understand how graphic devices (GPUs) operate on a computer
  • Recognize key characteristics of the display system
  • Identify different types of display connectors and their uses

Graphics Devices and GPUs

  • Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) handles display communication
  • Integrated GPUs: built into the motherboard, suitable for everyday tasks
  • Dedicated GPUs: needed for 3D gaming, multimedia editing
    • Popular chipsets: AMD Radeon, NVIDIA GeForce/nForce, Intel, SiS, VIA

Display Quality Factors

Factor Description
Resolution Number of horizontal × vertical pixels (e.g., 1920×1080)
Refresh Rate How fast screen updates (e.g., 60Hz, 120Hz)
Bit/Color Depth Number of colors supported (e.g., 16-bit, 32-bit)
  • Higher values = sharper images, smoother video, more realistic colors
  • More processing power is required for higher display quality

Display Types and Standards

  • CRT (Cathode Ray Tube):

    • 4:3 aspect ratio
    • VGA (640×480), SVGA (800×600), XGA (1024×768)

  • Modern LED displays:

    • 16:9 widescreen
    • Resolutions:
      • HD: 1280×720
      • Full HD: 1920×1080
      • 4K UHD: 3840×2160
      • 8K: 7680×4320

Display Connectors

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)

  • Most widely used for audio/video
  • Supports CEC, HDCP
  • 19-pin connector:
    • HDMI (standard)
    • HDMI Mini
    • HDMI Micro
  • HDMI 2.1 supports up to 8K resolution

DisplayPort (by VESA)

  • Royalty-free alternative to HDMI
  • Uses packetized data for efficient transmission
  • 20-pin connector; supports 7 transmission modes
  • Common in high-end monitors and graphics cards

Thunderbolt (Intel + Apple)

  • Combines display, data, and power in one cable
  • Thunderbolt 1 & 2: Mini DisplayPort
  • Thunderbolt 3 & 4: USB-C
  • Thunderbolt cables are not interchangeable with regular USB-C

DVI (Digital Visual Interface)

  • Uncompressed digital video; supports analog + digital
  • Types:
    • DVI-I: integrated
    • DVI-A: analog only
    • DVI-D: digital only
  • Single-link and dual-link formats (for higher resolutions)

VGA (Video Graphics Array)

  • Legacy analog interface with 15-pin connector
  • Still supported on some devices, but outdated

Other Connectors

  • Mini DisplayPort: used by Apple, supports up to 4K
  • USB: Some monitors/cameras use USB Type A or C
  • S-Video: Used by old TVs and VCRs (analog)
  • Component RGB: Splits analog video into 3 color signals, plus audio

Summary of Key Points

  • Computers need GPUs to render visuals on a display
  • Display quality depends on resolution, refresh rate, and bit depth
  • CRTs used 4:3 aspect ratio; modern displays use 16:9 LED screens
  • Connectors like HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, DVI, VGA each offer unique advantages

Identifying Audio Connectors

Learning Objectives

  • Understand how audio devices connect to a computer
  • List different types of audio connectors
  • Identify connectors by type: TRS, Bluetooth, USB, etc.

Audio Devices and Sound Cards

  • Computers use internal expansion cards (a.k.a. sound cards) to process audio
  • Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) allow analog devices to connect to computers
  • Use cases:
    • Listening to music
    • Recording/editing audio/video
    • Gaming
    • Presentations
    • Teleconferencing

Common Audio Connection Types

Connector Type Description
Sound card ports 3.5mm or 6.35mm TRS jacks
Bluetooth Wireless audio interface
Game port (legacy) 15-pin MIDI/audio port, now obsolete
USB For headsets, microphones, interfaces
External audio interface High-quality, multi-device professional use

Sound Card Ports

  • Common labels and color codes:
    • Light blue: Line-in
    • Pink: Microphone-in
    • Lime green: Line-out (speakers/headphones)
    • Black: Rear speakers (surround)
    • Orange: Mid-surround (center/subwoofer)
  • Accept:
    • 6.35mm TRS jack (professional equipment)
    • 3.5mm TRS mini-jack (consumer use)

Bluetooth Connections

  • Built-in on most modern laptops/desktops
  • Can connect:
    • Wireless headsets
    • Bluetooth speakers
  • USB Bluetooth dongles available for older systems

Game Ports (Legacy)

  • MIDI interface with 15-pin connector
  • Used for older gaming controllers and audio
  • Now replaced by USB-based controllers

External Audio Interfaces

  • Connect multiple devices (mics, amps, speakers)
  • Used in professional/studio settings
  • Connect via:
    • USB
    • FireWire
    • Thunderbolt
  • Require specific drivers for operation

Summary of Key Points

  • Sound cards process audio in/out with analog and digital signals
  • Audio devices connect via:
    • TRS jacks
    • Bluetooth
    • USB
    • External interfaces
  • Older game ports are now obsolete
  • External interfaces offer high-quality multi-channel audio for professionals

스크립트 한국어 번역

Identifying Audio Connectors 강의에 오신 것을 환영합니다.
이 영상을 시청한 후, 여러분은 오디오 장치가 컴퓨터에 어떻게 연결되는지 설명하고,
다양한 오디오 커넥터의 유형을 나열하며,
연결 방식에 따른 오디오 커넥터를 식별할 수 있게 됩니다.

Wired and Wireless Connections

Learning Objectives

  • Understand how devices communicate through networks
  • Identify wired vs. wireless connections
  • Recognize key connectors and technologies (RJ-11, RJ-45, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, NFC)

Overview of Network Connections

  • Devices communicate via data packets, similar to labeled envelopes
  • Networks can be:
    • Closed (limited devices) or
    • Open (e.g., the Internet)
  • Connections are either:
    • Wired (Ethernet)
    • Wireless (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, RFID)

Wired Connections

RJ Connectors

Type Use Case
RJ-11 Telephones, handsets
RJ-45 Computers, modems, routers, POS terminals, gaming consoles
  • RJ connectors include a plastic locking tab
  • RJ-45 supports Ethernet LANs

Advantages of Wired Connections

  • Faster: Up to 5 Gbps
  • Stable & secure: not affected by weather, no signal drop
  • Less interference → fewer retransmissions
  • More difficult to hack

Wireless Connections

Wi-Fi

  • Connects phones, computers, TVs to Internet
  • Uses wireless router connected to modem
  • Routers often built-in to modems now

Bluetooth

  • Since 1998
  • Short-range (e.g., ~10m), uses UHF radio
  • Devices connect via pairing with passkeys

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

  • Uses tags and readers
  • Range: several hundred meters
  • Common uses:
    • Toll booths
    • Pet/livestock ID
    • Retail checkout
    • Pharma tracking

NFC (Near Field Communication)

  • Evolution of RFID
  • Extremely short range (a few cm)
  • Requires both devices to have NFC chips
  • More secure and power-efficient
  • Use cases:
    • Hotel keycards, mobile payments, office access

Wireless vs. Wired Networks

Category Wired Wireless
Speed Faster Slower, but improving
Setup Complex (cabling required) Easy and quick
Mobility Limited High mobility
Scalability Costly, limited by wiring Easy to expand
Cost Higher More economical

Summary of Key Points

  • Devices connect via wired (RJ-11, RJ-45) or wireless (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, NFC) technologies
  • Wired connections are faster and more secure, but less flexible
  • Wireless connections offer mobility, easy setup, and scalability
  • NFC is a secure, short-range evolution of RFID, used in tap-to-pay, access cards, etc.

Peripheral and Printer Connections

Learning Objectives

  • List common connection methods for printers and peripherals
  • Understand how to connect via serial, parallel, USB, and network ports
  • Use Windows Settings to install and configure printers

Recognizing Peripheral Devices

  • Computers use Plug and Play (PnP) software to auto-detect peripherals
  • If PnP fails:
    • Visit manufacturer’s website to download drivers
  • Generic drivers may offer basic functionality
  • For advanced features (e.g., scan, fax), install manufacturer-specific application software

Connection Methods

Type Description
USB Most common wired connection (fast, simple)
Wi-Fi / Bluetooth / NFC Common wireless methods for peripherals
Serial Port (RS232) Slow, older connection using 9-pin cable; long distance, noise-resistant
Parallel Port Faster than serial; 25-pin cable; supports multiple bits simultaneously
Network Wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi); allows multi-device access

Serial & Parallel Ports

  • Serial Port (RS232):

    • 9-pin connector
    • Slower but long-distance capable
    • Screws used to secure connection

  • Parallel Port:

    • 25-pin connector
    • Sends multiple bits at once
    • Also secured with side screws

Network Printer Installation (Windows)

  1. Verify network connection
  2. Go to: Settings > Devices > Printers & scanners
  3. Click: + Add a printer or scanner
  4. Let Windows detect or click:
    • "The printer that I want isn't listed" for manual setup
  5. Select options for:
    • Older printers
    • Bluetooth printers
    • Network printers

Summary of Key Points

  • Drivers enable printer/computer communication
  • Basic features may work with generic drivers, but full features need manufacturer software
  • Serial (9-pin) and parallel (25-pin) connections are older but still in use
  • Use Windows Settings to detect or manually install printers
  • Network printers require active network connectivity and can be installed wirelessly or via Ethernet

Installation Types

Learning Objectives

  • Define hardware and software installation
  • Compare Plug and Play (PnP) vs. manual driver installation
  • Understand IP-based and web-based configuration

What Is Installation?

  • Installation: Preparing hardware/software for use
  • Can vary by complexity:
    • Simple: Performed by general users
    • Complex: May require technical expertise

Plug and Play (PnP)

  • PnP: Automatically recognized and installed by OS
  • No need for user to manually install drivers
  • Common PnP devices: Mouse, Keyboard, USB drives
  • If not working:
    • Check Device Manager for issues (yellow warning icons)
    • Update the driver if outdated or malfunctioning

Steps to Update a Driver (Windows 10):

  1. Search and open Device Manager
  2. Expand device category
  3. Right-click device → Select Update driver

Manual Driver Installation

  • Necessary when:
    • Device is not supported by default drivers
    • PnP fails
  • Requires downloading driver from manufacturer website
  • Sometimes needed to access advanced features

IP-Based Peripherals

  • Hardware that connects over TCP/IP network
  • Examples:
    • Wireless access points
    • IP security cameras
    • Network printers or print servers
  • Must be connected to LAN or Internet to operate

Web-Based Configuration

  • Common for networking devices (e.g., routers)
  • Setup is done via a web interface (e.g., http://192.168.0.1)
  • Configuration options include:
    • Network name (SSID)
    • Passwords
    • IP settings

Summary of Key Points

  • Installation is required before use; configuration customizes settings
  • PnP offers faster setup than manual driver installs
  • Driver installation is sometimes needed for full device functionality
  • IP-based and web-based setups require network/internet access

Practice Assigment & Graded Assignment

  • 100점, 90점으로 pass