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[4학년][1학기][Coursera][Introduction to HW and OS][W2]

jaeseokk963 2025. 3. 23. 22:15

Introduction to Hardware and Operating System

Coursera - IBM

Link to Course

Lectures

1. Common Computing Devices and Their Platforms
2. Understanding How Computers Talk

Common Computing Devices and Their Components

Learning Objectives

  • Identify common stationary computing devices
  • Identify common mobile computing devices
  • Describe IoT devices and their applications
  • Recognize operating systems used by these devices

Common Computing Devices and Categories

Computing devices are categorized into three types:

  • Stationary Devices
  • Mobile Devices
  • IoT Devices

Stationary Devices

Stationary computing devices include desktops, servers, and gaming consoles. They typically remain fixed in one location, like desks or server racks, and feature:

  • Processors
  • Memory (RAM)
  • Storage
  • Input/Output ports (I/O)
  • Network connections

Workstations (Personal Computers)

  • Contain motherboards with CPU, RAM, storage, expansion slots
  • Connect peripherals: monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, speakers
  • Support upgrades (memory, storage, graphics cards)

Servers

  • Manage network resources (data storage, email, print jobs)
  • Ensure continuous data access with fault-tolerance (multiple servers containing the same data)

Desktop Gaming Consoles

  • Optimized hardware for gaming
  • Include dedicated graphics processors and wireless connectivity
  • Typically not upgradeable

Mobile Devices

Mobile devices such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones provide portable computing power.

Laptops

  • Operating systems: Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux
  • Hardware: CPU, RAM, storage, input/output ports, wireless capabilities
  • Generally offer limited upgrades (storage, memory)

Tablets

  • Operating systems: Windows, iOS, Android, Chrome
  • Compact devices, usually without physical keyboards
  • Limited storage and ports
  • Generally not upgradeable

Mobile Phones

  • Use mobile-optimized operating systems (Android, iOS)
  • Include communication technologies: cellular networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC
  • Components are integrated, preventing upgrades

IoT Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are everyday objects equipped with sensors, connectivity, and computing capabilities to exchange data through networks.

  • Examples: Smart bulbs, thermostats, wearable devices, medical equipment, smart speakers
  • Usually connected via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other wireless standards
  • Hardware typically not upgradeable due to integrated design

IoT Device Examples:

  • Smart home: thermostats, cameras, door locks
  • Health: wearable monitors, glucose meters
  • Industrial: smart meters, environmental sensors

Operating Systems by Device Category

Device Category Operating Systems Used
Stationary Windows, Linux, macOS
Mobile Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS
IoT Devices Lightweight OS or custom embedded systems
  • Stationary devices offer the greatest potential for upgrades.
  • IoT devices offer the least or no upgrade options due to integrated components.

Understanding How Computers Talk

Learning Objectives

  • Describe common notational systems (binary, decimal, hexadecimal)
  • Convert numbers between notational systems (binary, decimal, hex)
  • Identify common data types and character encoding methods

Common Notational Systems

Computers communicate and store data using specific notational systems. The three primary notations are:

  • Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits 0-9. Examples: 1, 10, 100.
  • Binary (Base 2): Uses digits 0 and 1, representing on/off states.
  • Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F (10-15), providing compact representation for larger numbers.

Binary Numbers

Bits and Bytes

  • Bit: Smallest unit of computing data, a single binary digit (0 or 1).
  • Byte: Consists of eight bits.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

To convert decimal numbers to binary:

  1. Divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly.
  2. Record the remainder (0 or 1) each time.
  3. Continue until the quotient reaches zero.
  4. Write remainders from last to first.

Example: Decimal 25 → Binary: 11001

Binary to Decimal Conversion (Doubling Method)

To convert binary numbers to decimal:

  • Move from left to right, doubling previous totals and adding the current digit.

Example: Binary 11001 → Decimal 25

Hexadecimal Notation (Base 16)

Hexadecimal (hex) numbers use digits 0-9 and letters A-F to represent values from 10-15. It is compact and used for:

  • MAC addresses (network addresses)
  • Color values
  • IP addresses
  • Memory addresses

Hex to Binary Conversion

To convert hex (e.g., 123A) to binary:

  1. Convert each hex digit to a 4-bit binary number.
  2. Combine all binary groups.
  3. Remove unnecessary zeros on the left.

Example:
123A → 0001 0010 0011 1010 → binary: 1001000111010

Common Data Types

Computers process and present information using these data types:

  • Character: Single letter or symbol (e.g., 'A')
  • String: Combination of characters (e.g., "Hello")
  • Integer: Whole numbers (e.g., 8, -3)
  • Float: Numbers with decimals or fractions (e.g., 3.14)
  • Boolean: True or false, yes or no values

ASCII and Unicode

  • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange):

    • Encodes text using 7-bit binary, standard for English characters.
    • Expanded version includes 8-bit encoding.

  • Unicode:

    • Includes ASCII and additional global characters, symbols, and emojis.
    • UTF-8 encoding is widely used on web pages (over 95% usage globally).
    • UTF-16 often used in programming languages.
    • Represented as hexadecimal notation.

Summary of Key Points

  • Notational Systems: Decimal, Binary, and Hexadecimal are key to computer communication.
  • Conversions:
    • Decimal ↔ Binary
    • Hexadecimal ↔ Binary
  • Data Types: Characters, Strings, Integers, Floats, Boolean values.
  • Character Encoding: ASCII for basic characters; Unicode (UTF-8 and UTF-16) for broader global text encoding.